Chikenpox

What Is Chickenpox ?

Chickenpox (chicken pox), also known as varicella, is a highly contagious infection caused by the varicella zoster virus. Although uncomfortable, most people recover within 1-2 weeks.

 Fast facts on chickenpox

Here are some key points about chickenpox. More detail is in the main article.

• Chickenpox is caused by the varicella zoster virus.
• Varicella has an incubation period of 10-21 days.
• Chickenpox is highly contagious.
• The infection spreads in a similar way to colds and flu.
• A diagnosis can normally be reached by observing the signs and symptoms.
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Symptoms

Before the rash appears, there will be:

• a general feeling of being unwell (malaise)
• fever, which is usually worse in adults than children
• aching muscles
• loss of appetite
• in some cases, a feeling of nausea

After the rash appears, there will be:

• Rash: Severity varies from a few spots to a rash that covers the whole body.
• Spots: The spots develop in clusters and generally appear on the face, limbs, chest, and stomach. They tend to be small, red, and itchy.
• Blisters: Blisters can develop on the top of the spots. These can become very itchy.
• Clouding: Within about 48 hours, the blisters cloud over and start drying out. A crust develops.
• Healing: Within about 10 days, the crusts fall off on their own.

During the whole cycle, new waves of spots can appear - in such cases, the patient might have different clusters of spots at varying stages of itchiness, dryness, and crustiness.

Other symptoms

A few people have more severe symptoms.

If the following occur, a doctor should be contacted:

• the skin around the spots or blisters becomes painful and red
• there are breathing difficulties

Most healthy individuals make a full recovery, as with a cold or flu, by resting and drinking plenty of fluids.

Treatment

Chickenpox generally resolves within a week or two without treatment. There is no cure, but a vaccine can prevent it.

A doctor may prescribe medication or advise on how to reduce symptoms of itchiness and discomfort, and also on how to prevent the infection from spreading to other people.

Pain or fever: Tylenol (acetaminophen) may help with symptoms of high temperature and pain. It is important to follow the instructions provided by the manufacturer. Aspirin containing products should NOT be used for chickenpox as this can lead to complications. Acetaminophen (Tylenol) can be used at any time during pregnancy.

Avoiding dehydration: It is important to drink plenty of fluids, preferably water, to prevent dehydration. Some doctors recommend sugar-free popsicles or Pedialyte for children who are not drinking enough.

Mouth soreness: Sugar-free popsicles help ease symptoms of soreness if there are spots in the mouth. Salty or spicy foods should be avoided. If chewing is painful, soup might be a good option, but it should not be too hot.

Itchiness: ltchiness can become severe, but it is important to minimize scratching to reduce the risk of scarring.

The following may help prevent scratching:

• keeping fingernails clean and as short as possible
• placing mittens or even socks over a child's hands when they go to sleep, so that any attempt at scratching during the night does not cut the skin
• applying calamine lotion or having an oatmeal bath to reduce itching
• wearing loose clothing

Antiviral medication may be prescribed during pregnancy, for adults who get an early diagnosis, in newborns, and for those with a weakened immune system. Acyclovir is one example.

This works best if it is given within 24 hours of developing symptoms. Acyclovir reduces the severity of symptoms but does not cure the disease.

Prevention

A vaccine is available for varicella. For children, 2 doses of the varicella vaccine are given, one at 12 to 15 months and one at age 4 to 6 years. These are 90 percent effective at preventing chickenpox.

In the United States, the chickenpox vaccine is routinely given to children.

Complications

Adults are more susceptible to complications than children, but even in adults, they are rare.

If the blisters become infected with bacteria, the risk of complications is greater.

Pregnant women, newborns, and infants up to 4 weeks old, as well as those with weakened immune systems, are more likely to experience complications.

If the skin around the spots and blisters becomes red and tender or sore, they may be infected. Some people with chickenpox can go on to develop pneumonia.

Encephalitis: An inflammation of the brain may occur.

Reye's syndrome: This rare but serious condition can occur when children and teenagers are recovering from a viral infection, including chickenpox. It causes the liver and brain to swell.

Most people who develop complications will make a full recovery.